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Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids cheat sheet
The whole chapter on one page: key formulas, facts and the points to remember, for quick revision before a test.
JEE · Chemistry
Cheat sheet
Class 12 · Chapter 8Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Tollens' and Fehling's say ‘aldehyde’; iodoform says ‘CH₃CO–’.
1. Carbonyls
- Nucleophilic addition: HCN, NaHSO₃, Grignard, alcohols (acetals).
- Aldehydes more reactive than ketones.
- Aldol: α-H compounds with dil. NaOH.
- Cannizzaro: no α-H, conc. NaOH (HCHO, PhCHO).
2. Name Reactions
| Reaction | Change |
|---|---|
| Rosenmund | acyl chloride → aldehyde (H₂, Pd/BaSO₄) |
| Stephen | nitrile → aldehyde (SnCl₂/HCl) |
| Etard | toluene → benzaldehyde (CrO₂Cl₂) |
| Clemmensen | C=O → CH₂ (Zn-Hg/HCl) |
| Wolff–Kishner | C=O → CH₂ (NH₂NH₂, KOH) |
| HVZ | α-halogenation of acids |
3. Tests
- Tollens': silver mirror (aldehydes).
- Fehling's: red Cu₂O (aliphatic aldehydes).
- Iodoform: yellow CHI₃ (methyl ketones, ethanal).
4. Carboxylic Acids
- Acidity: EWG increases (Cl₃CCOOH > ClCH₂COOH > CH₃COOH).
- Decarboxylation with soda lime.
- Form esters, amides, anhydrides, acyl chlorides.
5. Key Points
- Formic acid gives Tollens' test.
- Acids are dimers (H-bonding).
- Benzoic acid: meta substitution.
- NaHCO₃ test: effervescence for acids.
Remember: Nucleophilic addition | name reactions | tests | acidity
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: questions and notes
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