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Amines cheat sheet
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JEE · Chemistry
Cheat sheet
Class 12 · Chapter 9Amines
Hinsberg: 1° dissolves in alkali, 2° doesn't, 3° doesn't react.
1. Preparation
- Reduction of nitro compounds, nitriles, amides.
- Gabriel phthalimide: pure 1° amines (not aromatic).
- Hoffmann bromamide: amide → amine with one less carbon.
2. Basicity
In water (aliphatic): 2° > 1° > 3° for methyl (ethyl: 2° > 3° > 1°). Aromatic amines are weaker bases (lone pair delocalised).
3. Tests & Reactions
| Test / reaction | Observation |
|---|---|
| Carbylamine (CHCl₃ + KOH) | foul smell — 1° amines only |
| Hinsberg (C₆H₅SO₂Cl) | distinguishes 1°, 2°, 3° |
| Nitrous acid with ArNH₂ (0–5 °C) | diazonium salt |
| Bromination of aniline | 2,4,6-tribromoaniline (white ppt) |
4. Diazonium Salts
- Sandmeyer: –Cl, –Br, –CN.
- Replacement by –I (KI), –F, –OH, –H.
- Coupling with phenol/aniline: azo dyes.
5. Key Points
- Acetylation tames aniline's reactivity.
- Aniline gives meta product in strong acid (anilinium).
- Amines have a fishy smell.
- Diazonium salts are unstable above 5 °C.
Remember: Gabriel & Hoffmann | basicity order | carbylamine & Hinsberg
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