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Solutions cheat sheet
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JEE · Chemistry
Cheat sheet
Class 12 · Chapter 1Solutions
Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles, not their nature.
1. Concentration
- Molarity (mol/L), molality (mol/kg), mole fraction, ppm, mass %.
- Henry's law: — gas solubility ∝ pressure.
2. Raoult's Law
- Ideal: obeys Raoult's law, ΔH_mix = 0, ΔV_mix = 0.
- Positive deviation: weaker A–B forces (ethanol + acetone); minimum-boiling azeotrope.
- Negative deviation: stronger A–B forces (chloroform + acetone); maximum-boiling azeotrope.
3. Colligative Properties
| Property | Formula |
|---|---|
| Relative lowering of vapour pressure | |
| Elevation of boiling point | |
| Depression of freezing point | |
| Osmotic pressure |
van 't Hoff factor : multiply each formula by (e.g. NaCl, i ≈ 2; acetic acid in benzene, i ≈ 0.5).
4. Key Points
- Isotonic solutions: equal π.
- Reverse osmosis: desalination.
- Molality is temperature-independent.
- Abnormal molar mass from association/dissociation.
Remember: Raoult & deviations | 4 colligative formulas | van 't Hoff i
Solutions: questions and notes
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