Retina & Vitreous

Topics in this chapter

• Retina Anatomy and Histology
• Retinal Vascular Disorders
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• Macular Disorders and ARMD
• Retinal Detachment and Vitreous
• Inherited Retinal Diseases
• Pediatric Retinal Disorders

Practice questions

1. Question 1Q-660475

   A 58-year-old hypertensive male presents with sudden painless loss of vision in his right eye. Fundoscopic examination reveals a cherry-red spot at the macula, a pale retina, and attenuated retinal arterioles with 'box-carring' of blood in the venules. What is the most likely diagnosis?

   1. A.Central retinal vein occlusion
   2. B.Central retinal artery occlusion
   3. C.Branch retinal artery occlusion
   4. D.Diabetic maculopathy
   See the answer and solution
2. Question 2Q-AD3E98

   A 65-year-old female presents with progressive distortion of straight lines (metamorphopsia) and decreased central vision in her left eye over the past few months. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) shows subretinal fluid and a fibrovascular membrane originating from the choroid. Which of the following is the primary mediator responsible for the choroidal neovascularization in this condition?

   1. A.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
   2. B.Vascular endothelial growth factor
   3. C.Transforming growth factor-beta
   4. D.Fibroblast growth factor
   See the answer and solution
3. Question 3Q-38BA15

   A premature infant born at 28 weeks of gestation with a birth weight of 1100 grams is evaluated for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Which zone corresponds to the innermost zone centered on the fovea, representing the highest risk for aggressive disease?

   1. A.Zone I
   2. B.Zone II
   3. C.Zone III
   4. D.Zone IV
   See the answer and solution
4. Question 4Q-E9BE07

   A 45-year-old male with type 1 diabetes mellitus presents for routine eye checkup. Fundus examination reveals multiple microaneurysms, dot and blot hemorrhages, hard exudates, and cotton-wool spots, but no neovascularization. How is this stage of diabetic retinopathy classified?

   1. A.Mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
   2. B.Moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
   3. C.Severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
   4. D.Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
   See the answer and solution
5. Question 5Q-A54DC0

   A patient presents with sudden onset of floaters and 'flashes of light' in the right eye, followed by a dark curtain moving across the visual field. Fundus examination reveals a superior retinal detachment with a horseshoe tear. What is the fundamental mechanism of this type of retinal detachment?

   1. A.Accumulation of exudate beneath the sensory retina due to choroidal tumors
   2. B.Traction on the sensory retina by proliferating fibrovascular membranes
   3. C.Liquefaction of the vitreous leading to fluid entry into the subretinal space through a retinal break
   4. D.Inflammation of the retinal pigment epithelium causing breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier
   See the answer and solution