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Cheat sheet · NEET Preparation Zoology

Excretory Products and their Elimination cheat sheet

The whole chapter on one page: key formulas, facts and the points to remember, for quick revision before a test.

NEET · Zoology

Cheat sheet

Class 11 · Chapter 16Excretory Products and their Elimination

Urine formation: Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion.

1. Nitrogenous Wastes

TypeWasteExample
Ammonotelicammoniabony fish
Ureotelicureamammals, frogs
Uricotelicuric acidbirds, reptiles

2. Nephron

  • Malpighian body = glomerulus + Bowman's capsule.
  • PCT reabsorbs most nutrients and ~70–80% electrolytes and water.
  • Henle's loop: counter-current mechanism concentrates urine.
  • DCT and collecting duct: conditional reabsorption.

GFR ≈ 125 mL/min (180 L/day); urine ≈ 1.5 L/day.

3. Regulation

ADH (vasopressin)

Increases water reabsorption; prevents diuresis.

RAAS

Low BP → renin → angiotensin II → aldosterone → Na⁺ and water reabsorption.

ANF

From atria; vasodilation, checks RAAS.

4. Disorders

  • Uremia: urea build-up → haemodialysis.
  • Renal calculi; glomerulonephritis.
  • Diabetes insipidus: low ADH.

5. Key Points

  • Micturition reflex.
  • Skin, lungs and liver also excrete.
  • Vasa recta helps the counter-current system.
  • Juxtaglomerular apparatus releases renin.

Remember: 3 waste types | nephron parts | ADH, RAAS, ANF

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