Cheat sheet · Class 12 · CBSE · Science Biology
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes cheat sheet
The whole chapter on one page: key formulas, facts and the points to remember, for quick revision before a test.
CBSE Class 12 · Biology
Cheat sheet
Chapter 9Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Cut (restriction enzyme) → Paste (ligase) → Insert (vector) → Grow (host).
1. Tools
- Restriction enzymes cut at palindromic sites (EcoRI: GAATTC), leaving sticky ends.
- DNA ligase joins fragments.
- Vectors: plasmids (pBR322), bacteriophages; need ori, selectable marker, cloning site.
- Competent host: CaCl₂ treatment, heat shock, microinjection, gene gun.
2. Processes
| Step | Method |
|---|---|
| Isolate DNA | lysozyme, cellulase, chitinase; precipitate with ethanol |
| Separate fragments | gel electrophoresis (stain: ethidium bromide) |
| Amplify | PCR — denaturation, annealing, extension (Taq polymerase) |
| Select recombinants | antibiotic resistance; insertional inactivation (blue–white) |
| Scale up | bioreactors (stirred-tank) |
| Downstream processing | purification, formulation |
3. Key Points
- First recombinant DNA: Cohen and Boyer (1972).
- Agrobacterium Ti plasmid for plants.
- Retroviruses as animal vectors.
- Smaller fragments move faster in a gel.
Remember: Restriction enzymes | vectors | PCR | blue–white selection
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes: questions and notes
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