Cheat sheet · Class 11 · CBSE · Science Biology
Biomolecules cheat sheet
The whole chapter on one page: key formulas, facts and the points to remember, for quick revision before a test.
CBSE Class 11 · Biology
Cheat sheet
Chapter 9Biomolecules
Enzymes lower activation energy — they don't change equilibrium.
1. Classes
| Biomolecule | Monomer | Bond |
|---|---|---|
| Polysaccharide | monosaccharide | glycosidic |
| Protein | amino acid | peptide |
| Nucleic acid | nucleotide | phosphodiester |
Lipids are not strictly polymers (in acid-insoluble fraction due to membranes).
2. Proteins
- 20 amino acids; essential ones come from diet.
- Structure levels: primary, secondary (α-helix), tertiary, quaternary (haemoglobin).
- Most abundant protein in animals: collagen; on Earth: RuBisCO.
3. Enzymes
- Factors: temperature, pH, substrate concentration (Vmax, Km).
- Competitive inhibition: inhibitor resembles substrate (malonate for succinic dehydrogenase).
- Cofactors: prosthetic group (haem), coenzyme (NAD, from vitamins), metal ion (Zn²⁺).
| Class | Reaction |
|---|---|
| Oxidoreductases | oxidation–reduction |
| Transferases | transfer of groups |
| Hydrolases | hydrolysis |
| Lyases | remove groups, form double bonds |
| Isomerases | rearrangements |
| Ligases | join two molecules |
4. Key Points
- Living state = non-equilibrium steady state.
- Cellulose: unbranched; glycogen: highly branched.
- Nucleotide = base + sugar + phosphate.
- Ribozymes: RNA enzymes.
Remember: Monomers & bonds | protein structure | 6 enzyme classes
Biomolecules: questions and notes
More Class 11 · CBSE · Science Biology cheat sheets
- The Living World
- Biological Classification
- Plant Kingdom
- Animal Kingdom
- Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Structural Organisation in Animals
- Cell: The Unit of Life
- Biomolecules
- Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Respiration in Plants
- Plant Growth and Development
- Breathing and Exchange of Gases
- Body Fluids and Circulation
- Excretory Products and their Elimination
- Locomotion and Movement
- Neural Control and Coordination
- Chemical Coordination and Integration
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